Early Paleolithic - the time of settlement of the Urals

Approximately. About 300,000 years ago it began. Human penetration into the Urals. The most. Ancient tools were found in the parking lot Elnikov-2 in the Kama region (arising approximately 300 thousand years ago) and the parking lot of Bogdanovka in the Southern Urals (200 thousand years ago).

Man. moved to new territories in more warm interglacial periods, but joint discovery of tools and the bones of cold-loving animals (mammoths), And they say, "Well, that's what they say." That our distant ancestor was adapted and to more severe natural conditions. He made tools, he could make fire, make skins and sew clothes. paleolith in the Northern Hemisphere is a period of Glacier advances and retreats. Wo peak-time The ice sheet covered the Ural Mountains to the latitude of modern Severuralsk. Traces of mountain glaciers in the form of stone rivers” (rock debris carried Ice found even in the southern Urals.

Late. paleolith

Natural. The conditions of the time were severe: tundra-steppes with mammoth fauna (mammoth, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, tiger, brown and cave bear, bull, bison, horse, reindeer.

K The beginning of the late Paleolithic was completed. modernization Look, there's a new technique. stone-splitting (elongated) chips, plates, various tools for different purposes. People started building. light-shaped dwellings (parking) M.V. Talitsky and dwellings of bones Mammoth (Byzovaya parking lot), was born art.

People. They hunted for food by hunting large animals, and possibly in places Their mass deaths (Gary I parking lots) North Zauralye, Shikaevka - Kurgan area).

Amongst The most important caves of that time Known as Kapova, Ignatievskaya, 2nd Serpievskaya. It's in these caves. The only ones discovered in Russia Paleolithic drawings (wall paintings) images of mammoth, bison, bull and others, size from 1 m to 6-7 cm, made Red and black paint. Similar There are images in the caves of Spain and France. Paleolithic caves with The drawings on the walls and ceiling were designed to perform rituals Special actions aimed at Ensuring good luck in hunting, increasing animal numbers, training and verification Knowledge and skills of young warrior hunters. Such monuments were given the name sanctuary.

Mesolith

Approximately. 11-10 thousand years ago began a sharp Climate warming, mammoths gone, Woolly rhinoceros, big-horned deer. The area has shrunk and changed. reindeer distribution, fox And some other animals. Formed. natural conditions similar to modern ones. The man had to adapt. to the changed conditions of existence: He lived a lively life, built short-lived dwellings similar to hut or plague.

Hunter The equipment is replenished at this time. Onions - the invention of the Mesolithic Era (his remains found in Visco) Peatland in the Northern Urals. From a small sized flint plate, split into parts, and wooden or The bone frames began to make composite They are knives, knives, daggers. harpoons (pointed guns with teeth) for hunting and fishing. In Visco and Shigir peatlands are preserved wooden objects (oars, skis) and bones (harpoons with ornamentation, tips). K The end of the Mesolithic is famous. Shigir idol.

Population Hunting, fishing, mined stone. In the Stone Cave Pumped on the river Chusovoy found sanctuary in which much is found arrowheads dated time-time Iron Age.

neolithic

K The Neolithic era is very serious. Transformation in all spheres of human life: in areas favourable to Climate (Middle East, Middle East) Asia, the Northern Black Sea region, occurred Transition to agriculture and cattle breeding; in the south of the Urals began to grow Useful plants and breeding cows, sheep and goats, and at the same time They hunt (more often on moose); they appear. Large permanent settlements, the first pottery is pottery. These are important. The changes have been named by scientists. "The Neolithic Revolution."

Nana The Urals in the Neolithic era in a separate stand-alone mining (mining and processing of stone) - flint, jasper: from large pieces of rock sawing axes and tesels. Tesla -- flat and heavy cutting tool, made of stone or metal, which was then polished and polished. Stone polished axe extended human capacity in construction houses, hunting grounds, fishing grounds fence.

Population They began to live in large villages, along the banks of rivers and lakes. Housing varied sizes (from 16 to 200 m2), shape (square, rectangle, polygon, oval or circle) and depth shaft (deep part). In the construction of the tree, in mountainous part of the Urals used rocky The houses included them in the dwelling as walls and sometimes roofs. Continued. to build more simple dwellings, plagues, especially in the summer. Plenty fish, catching it with nets and traps They allowed the ancient Urals for a long time. stay in one place. Hunting different They also provide food and material. for clothing, shoes and household utensils. The ancients harvested berries. They were given nuts, medicinal and edible plants.

First Pottery in the Urals appeared in VI thousand BC. It was a receptacle. semi-egg-shaped bottom. Their entire surface was covered. with wavy or straight lines, footprints of sticks, bones or special stamp, more often - combed (its prints are similar to those of an indentation) crest. Relative groups did utensils according to known recipes and They were decorated with traditional patterns.

Studying single-themed Ornamentation, the experts identified several archaeological cultures, in including those whose remains belonged to the People from more southern territories.

Neolithic monuments of the Urals are mainly represented settlements, processing workshops rocks and hills similar to on the mounds (Mahgylsky, Koksharovskiy). Their appointment was probably related. with rituals.

eneolith - the beginning of metal development

Findings copper products related to eneolith, in the Urals are singular, but their importance is great to understand further development bronze metallurgy. The first metallurgical centers formed in the south of the Urals in III thousand BC, but the processing technology The stone reaches high at this time. level. Use all available Sources of raw materials; possibly when splitting The lever system is used.

People. Eneolithic eras are complex farming, including hunting, fishing, collecting depending on the specific natural conditions. All right, villagers on Andreyevsky lake under Tyumen more They were all fishing. The evidence for this is frequent finds. clay clusters - remnants folded networks.

Nana The Southern Urals, among other things, are developing. agriculture and livestock. In places. natural habitat of the horse (neighborhood) Botai settlements in Northern Kazakhstan It begins its domestication and domestication, that fundamentally changed the image life of the population of the steppe regions.

More And the houses become diverse. Half-dugs, dugouts, land houses. Ornament on dishes differs in elegance and includes a schematic image Birds, animals, people. In the Urals Peatlands (Gorbunovsky, Karaseozersky) collected collection of wooden dishes with sculptures of birds. They also found wooden elk figurines. Bear, snake, idol.

In Eneolithic burials often There are drop-shaped pendants Stone and bones, traces of fire. Numerous Images of birds (on clay and wooden) Possibly, it is not only related to Their importance in the Eneolithic economy population (object of hunting), but also with the world around us, which consists of three parts: the upper, Middle and lower. The bird is an important part in the middle world, and in the burials, The guide of the soul from one world to another.

Oh. mythological and practical knowledge of ancient hunters You can judge such an unusual monuments, such as cave paintings and objects with a circular layout. Drawings They were placed in open, well-lit areas. Rocks rising above the earth, the river Or a lake. Red brown or black The paint shows birds, traps, fences.

A few. A few years ago, archaeologists discovered an unusual Savin I in the Kurgan region. He is. It consisted of two groups that formed The number 8. They found remnants. pit animals and humans. Planning of the main and The secondary pillars were studied together archaeologists and astronomers. They established that the complex pillar system indicates Location of the Moon and Sun in Different seasons. The unusual objects were associated with the autumn and spring equinoxes, summer solstice. It's a structure. was a sanctuary.

Metallurgical center

The most. ancient copper mines - Kargaly - located in the Southern Urals. Theirs. The operation began in the third thousand n. Distribution of metal and establishment The Bronze Age in the Urals takes place in II thousand BC. Perhaps the first experiments on metallurgy was produced in the usual pyres in the fire (known fragments) vessels with slag and drops of copper). And all bronze (alloy of copper with bronze) tin or lead is needed more high temperature n artificial blowing - additional airflow. That's what they built. special smelting furnaces. Nana settlement Arkaim metallurgical The furnaces were connected to the wells, They created a strong air thrust. From The bronze cast the ear axes, Celtic axes, knives, sickles, tips Copies.

One metal-rich The things of the burial ground are Turbin (Bench) Close in appearance, jewelry (animal figures, ornament) and the composition of the metal objects were distributed in the second millennium BC on territory from the Volga to the Yenisei. It's The phenomenon received a name from archaeologists The Seimas-Turbinian phenomenon.

Appearance The bronze allowed for more Various and convenient tools and weapons. Exchanges intensified.

Role Men in the family and society grew. Special. The importance of ancient metallurgists reflection Foundry burials.

Archaeological Bronze Age culture and community.

In Bronze Age is forming a number of new archaeological cultures. The most Some of them are known in the area. Cherkascul, interov and Gamayun. Forest tribes of the Urals continue to lead hunting-fishing economy, but closer to the southern edge The stronger the influence of the neighbors And there was more penetration. Producing forms of farming (agriculture) and especially livestock.

From Archaeological cultures were formed Larger associations - archaeological community. One of those communities. Andronovskaya - took up together with culturally related territory forest steppes and steppes of the Urals and Kazakhstan. Andronovtsy engaged in cattle breeding - raised cows, sheep, horses. Prix This increased the role of the horse.

The settlements They were fortified and unfortified. The dwellings were buildings deep-floored with a wooden frame. They were built. using wood, clay, turf. Square The dwelling was 25-130 m2.

The dishes. Andronovo cultures were potted Or jar-shaped. It was decorated. Meanders, swastikas. Some peculiarities of Andronovo culture allow a number of researchers to Its connection with the Aryans, the ancient Indo-European language family. Some scientists believe that that the Andronovites belonged to Finno-Ugric language families.

“Country cities

Problem. Ancient Aryans are also discussed in science. in connection with the opening of the "country of cities" in the Southern Urals. The first and most researched a circular settlement, deliberate planning of the site, Arkaim became a powerful fortification. Nana Arkaime excavated dwellings, metallurgical ovens and wells, storm sewers, The remains of the wall. Study continues natural environment Arkaim and traces of their economic activities. Together with archaeologists Paleobotanists, soil scientists, work here. Paleozoologists, geologists, geophysicists, astronomers. Now with aerial photography. and ground reconnaissance identified over 20 Fortified circular settlements.

Population Arkaim buried his dead relatives according to the rite revealed during excavations Sintashta burial ground. Near him. partially examined the remaining dwellings, They are located in a circle, like on Arkaim. Victim complexes, burial Horses, chariots, the great role of fire and the sun, and the sun, and Rich weapons find analogies in an Indo-Iranian epic. Tough question: “Where was the homeland of the Aryans?” Undecided, although it is possible that the South The Urals were part of their formation.

nostratic language-family (Latin) noster - Ours is a macro family of languages, including a number of European language families and languages, most of Asia (except the Far East) East), Africa (Indo-European, Kartvelian, Afrasian, Ural, Altai, Dravidian, etc.). The most A well-known branch of this family. Indo-European, in which the Romanesque (French, Italian, Italian) Spanish, Romanian, etc., Germanic (German, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), Iranian (Tajik, Farsi, Afghan, Parthian, Median, etc., Slavic and other groups. The other major branch is the Urals. which includes the Nenets, Khanty languages, Mansi, as well as many people of the Volga (Mordained, Marian, Mordovian) and the Baltics (Estonians and Northern Europe) Karel, Komi, Saami. The kinship hypothesis nostratic Danish scientist X. Pedersen. Russian scientist V.M. Illich-Svitych proved the scientific validity of this hypotheses.

Shigir idol

In near the village of Neivo-Rudyanka Kirovgrad district of Sverdlovsk The area is located Shigir peatland, rich in dozens of archaeological monuments Dating from the Mesolithic Era - Early Iron Age. In the middle of the nineteenth century, mining and mining of gold, and in more Later times were discovered here. numerous ancient products stone, horns, bones, wood. Among them are two. The ancient idols, many oars, sacrifice-vessel elk, images of elk, birds, snakes from horns and trees, thousands of bone tips Arrows.

In the 80s. XIX century in the Yekaterinburg Wole Museum (Ural Society of Amateurs) Natural science has been given a great Shigir idol carved from larch Or ate. The body of the idol represents It's a board on which the faces are cut. (images resembling faces) and geometrical ornament. Some Researchers believe that this The ornament can depict the body of the faces. The Great Shigir Idol is the most the largest, oldest wooden anthropomorphic sculpture.

Later The Little Shigir Idol was also found. woodhead about 20 cm. His dating is difficult.

Iron century

Basic Iron Age signs.

First Iron things appear in the Urals early I thousand BC. but for a long time non-ferrous metallurgy, That is, the production of copper and bronze, It remains dominant. The Iron Age time of specialization and exchange between individual groups and tribes, emergence of property and social Inequality of people, increasing role wars and men-warriors in society. In Central Asia has developed states, which have affected the lives of the neighbouring tribes. A mobile, warlike world Scythian It was not just pressure on the nomads. The Volga and the Urals, but also the inhabitants forest-steppe and southern edge of the taiga zones. Early Iron Age lifestyle and occupations of the forest tribes of the Middle Trans-Urals, Urals, nomads of the South Urals and the population of the forest-steppes of the Trans-Urals They're very different.

Metallurgical Middle Ural.

In Middle Ages. Trans-Urals, mainly in its mountain and forest part, lived tribes Itkul culture. Monuments were located on elevated lakeside Mountain. They were fortified. grounds, surrounded by a wall, a shaft and a moat. Sizes. areas range from 250 m2 up to 3800 m2. Here during the excavations were found multiplicity horns, pits, fires, special sites, remnants of residential and production premises. One of the most famous and studied monuments of the Itkul culture is located on the Doumnaya mountain (Polevskaya) For metal smelting here used ore from Humeshevsky fields. Production and living quarters were located in different parts of the forts.

Metallurgical The horns were oval, round, or eightfold shape and were deepened. in the ground at 0.3-0.7 m. Estimated height surface part of the horn 1 m. Melting-room walls They were built from a wooden frame, smeared with clay and stones and clay lumps. On the full cycle Metallurgical production says Findings: pestiles for crushing ore, blowing nozzles, crucibles, fleas, casting forms and finished products - swords, arrowheads, knives, knives, Celtic axes, wedges, sewers, jewelry, Bird images are bird-like idols.

Maybe. Itkulists practiced separation between metallurgical miners and smiths, but there were Specialists who could do both. High professional level The sculptors say that metal casting was made in open and closed forms consisting of two or Three of them were made from the talc, clay, copper. Blacksmiths They had the power to pull and pull, piercing, welding, grinding, sharpening, metal trimmings.

Itkul metallurgical center supplied raw materials tribes of the Urals, and finished products - Scythian-Sarmatian nomads. Itkul The tips, the daggers, the jewelry answered The needs and fashions of southern neighbors. Arming them, the Itkul population in exchange for livestock, and Perhaps the skills of caring for him, It facilitated the introduction of cattle breeding. They also hunted.

black metallurgy in the Itkul center only It was born (not earlier than IV-III centuries BC). Few things have been forged. Iron is not an object of exchange.

Forest prairie

Oh. the way of life of the inhabitants of this territory In the early Iron Age, we can judge culture and the culture that replaced it culture.

Ananyin community occupied the territory of Modern Republic of Bashkortostan to the Republic of Komi. Her monuments. represented by settlements, reinforced system of moats and shafts, and also unfortified settlements and burial grounds. Townships

Southern The Urals were designed for defense. in case of attack by steppe cavalry tribes. The most famous burial ground, which gave its name to the culture and The community is Ananyinsky. With him. The study found a stone A male warrior plate, dressed in a narrow short caftan with a belt, pants and a pointed headdress. In other Ananyin male burials We found a lot of weapons, bronze plaques, They were wearing clothes and belts. It seems that the war in this period becomes an important occupation in the life of the Urals, Especially in the south. Anagnina The army - foot, was armed with bronze Celtic axes, bows and spears. The separation of military leaders took place in case of danger of attack and during battles. In peacetime, their role was It is small, and therefore rich burials. Not enough guns.

In Women's funerals have been found, except bronze plaques, metallic and glass beads, hangers, necklaces from sinks, bracelets, rings. On the forts met with numerous traces of processing metalwork and weapons. According to experts, The Ananyinites received metal from their Eastern Neighbors (from Itkul) metallurgical center, and ready-made These things were supplied to steppe nomadic tribes.

Economics The forest population of the Urals was complex and included slash-and-fire agriculture, livestock, hunting and fishing. In the southern regions prevailed livestock and agriculture in the north - Hunting. Breeding horses (most often) short stature, pigs, bovine cattle. Grain granaries found in settlements stone, metal sickles, remains Burned grains, fish vertebrae, Scales, bone harpoons and copper hooks. Important in the life of the population was hunting moose, deer, reindeer, but mainly on fur animals (fox, hare, beaver, marten) furs It was the object of exchange between the Ananish and the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes.

Nana The city usually lived in one kind of population. 50 to 60 people headed by Elders. The Ananyin houses were long. terrestrial, terrestrial, and terrestrial 10-30 cm) with gable roof and one entrance. There were no windows (apparently for the purpose) heat saving). The hearths were simple bonfires lined with stone.

Mainstream The role in the family belonged to men. military and economic duties. Hunting, cattle raising, slash farming (in particular, Deforestation required male strength and skill. Perhaps the role of the woman was higher in the spiritual and domestic spheres. Found in the fireplaces of clay women statuettes reflect the existence of The cult of the female progenitor, guardian animals. There were other cults: animals, sun. In the monuments of Ananyin culture met with bone sculptural bear heads, moose, amulets from fangs, metal figurines of animals, often birds with open wings And with a human face. Early Iron Age in the Kama region is born Permian animal style. With reverence n Sun bound metal plaques round-shaped, clay and bone spindles and discs.

Gladenovskaya culture famously peculiar monuments, which carried out Most likely the role of religious places-sanctuaries. They sacrificed the wild (bear, moose). and domestic (horse, large-horned) animals. It's downtown. spot among the animals among which the the bones of the forelegs, after which Order was broken. On the bones met plentiful animals and humans that continue to Ananyin population (Perm animal style). So, on the Glyadenovsky knuckle found of a bird of prey similar to an owl, with one or two heads and a human The face on her chest and 19 bear figures in Sacrificial posture (head between parallel) with lying paws.

Tribes. transural

In The forest-steppe strip of the Urals existed tribes of Sargat culture. Monuments Sargat culture is presented Forts, villages, burial grounds. The settlements were located on high capes. (the sleeves and the sleeves) Some of the other parties had natural barrier-cliffs) or coast terraces (in this case) reinforcement along the perimeter round or polygonal area). The area of settlements ranged from 600 to 4 500 m2. Most of the "Sargats" settlements They formed unfortified villages. Housing They could have been without of a certain order, and in the We walked along the rampart. They consisted of one. or several premises (including and household). The population was diluting Horses, cows, sheep. They were even found. Camel bones. Hunting was auxiliary. industry. Sargatian monuments of many iron objects (especially weapons). Part of this stuff. It was in the Siberian collection, but a lot of It was stolen.

buried sargatians of their tribesmen under earthen mounds, sizes which are different (from 4-6 m to 80-100 m in diameter. The largest mounds tall up to 10 m were called "royal" or "friendly."

Funeral The traditions of the Sargatian population were near Scythian, common in steppes in I thousand BC: in the center were One or two tombs over which Grave buildings were erected logs, branches, poles. Men's. graves laying horse accessories harness, bow and arrow, swords, daggers, axes, in women and children - jewelry (beads, earrings), mirrors, spindles with With a spindle truck. They put him in the grave. pot of food. Soil scientists have established That's the Gaev burial ground on the r. tobol There was a liquid in one vessel, perhaps. milk, and in the other - the remains of meat food. There were memorials on the grave. rites, burned the fire. Anthropologists They found that the Sargatians were members of the European race with Signs of Mongoloid traits, many They spent time riding a horse. Question of the language of the Sargatian population remains unclear. It is possible that There could be bilingualism or a change. Iranian and Ugric languages.

Steppe nomadic

Nana Southern Urals in the Early Iron Age The tribes that were part of the Savromat or the Sauromato-Sarmatian community, Nomads who moved along certain paths routes. Cattle (sheep, horses, large) cattle, all year long on the stern, was private. property of the family or its head.

Moving The way of life of the tribes did not We have traces of their settlements. Main source information about sauromat-sarmatians - burial. Among them stand out. priestly aristocracy with a diameter larger 100 m, and a height of over 7 m. In burials. under such a mound The war horse was buried, richly harvested, with use n gold linings, plaques made in the Scythian-Siberian animal style.

In Many men's graves have been found. armaments (bows, arrows) quivers, iron swords. Saddled. The horse was also buried by women priestesses, who They put gold jewelry in the grave. (necklaces, rings, bracelets), mirrors, stone smokers-sacrifices. Role These women in Sarmatian society were significant. South Ural Sarmatians in At the end of the millennium B.C., they advanced to the lower Volga and Don, and then conquered Scythia. Great Rome paid tribute to the Sarmatians. Late. Sarmatians are known as long-headed Alans.

Scythian-Siberian animalism This is a special way of depicting deer, Saiga, wolves and cat predators breeds (tiger, leopard, panther). Animals always given in motion or in strenuous posture (curled up before jumping). Po Po the ancients, the power and ferocity The animals depicted may have increased action of weapons, to accelerate the running of combat horse. Animal Style in Early Art The Iron Age was spread from Altai to the Black Sea and in general They had similarities, territorial and tribes. The largest collection of things, performed in this manner, in the Urals found during the excavation of Filippovsky A mound in the Orenburg region.

"The Great" Relocation of peoples” and its consequences

It is. Started with migration (movement) from Scandinavia to Crimea. But for the Urals more Important were the impulses given by the Huns. Even in the last centuries before the new era, the Hunnu ("Northern Barbarians" in Chinese) sources) formed in Central Asia is a powerful alliance within which A fierce struggle began. Part part Huns went to the steppes of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. One of the reasons for their outcome Scientists call climate depletion and Gobi desert attack. Somehow They were not mentioned anywhere, and then the rapid movement of the Huns (By this name they become known). in the first centuries of our era Eurasian steppes. They carried with them. Sarmatians, Alans, Ugrians, perhaps Part of the population of Sargat culture. It was an extraordinary rush. Huns as if invisible to archaeologists Remains of their material culture a little. In the Southern Urals, excavated The Greater Karagan Grave, in which Huns who had Caucasians were buried. Appearance (Central Asian, Iranian) type, in one case - Mongoloid; The village of Salikhovo - with mounds stones, narrow, elongated graves And boardwalk coffins.

K west of the Volga Huns conquered Alans And, in the midst of it, the other The people moved into Europe and They contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. Following the Huns along the steppes of Eurasia Magyars, Pechenegs, Kipchaks moved. etc. Not only the steppe and edge of the forest-steppe, but also the taiga of the Urals and Western Siberia They were influenced by migration. The Great Migration Process. Under The pressure of the Turks was moved in the southern Urals part of the Ugric population Possibly Sargatsky, where it was formed Culture whose territory is identified The so-called Greater Hungary. It's The population left the mounds, in mounds ceremonial horse-heads and legs, possibly skins, In the graves found the remains of a horse harness and the garments, and the garments, bony-heads bows, silver pendants and medallions, Eye masks. It started here. migration of Magyar Hungarians to Europe land of their modern homeland.

S Turkic-speaking The first mention of the Bashkirs is also related. (Ahmad ibn Fadlan's testimony) Secretary of the Embassy sent from Baghdad to Volga Bulgaria in 922.

Forest The Urals in the I millennium AD.

In The Urals were happening at this time. formation of archaeological cultures, people who spoke in Permian languages. It was influenced. and even the pressure of immigration streams from the southeast (from there moved) the Ugric population that has absorbed It was assimilated by the Permian. population of Northern Bashkiria) and Southwest (from where the Phoenic language moved) population of the Volga region. In the first millennium AD. There is a Proudmurt community on the territory of the Lower Kama region, Lower White, Middle and Lower Vyatka. Isolation Udmurt language from the Permian According to linguists, this is Same time. On the territory of the Upper Kama region and pool r. Excessions are forming Permian-speaking cultures. The land is here. It remains complex. Beginning. Transition to agriculture (first) The guns are dated to the ninth century. The role of cattle breeding is increasing. Hunting and fishing are important. Metallurgical development continues production, the transformation takes place It's in the craft, it's everywhere. iron. Permian animal style has reached at this time of its heyday. Like in. previous time, made of metal figurines of bear, horse, moose, birds from The faces of the people on the chest. Appeared. large plates depicting people, Manhairs (people with moose heads) and more complex compositions, reflecting the three worlds (lower, middle) and the top.

K By the end of the millennium, cultures were formed. features that can be traced to more in the later cultures of the Komi and Udmurts.

Forest Trans-Urals in the I thousand AD

In Forest Trans-Urals in I thousand AD. e. distributed monuments of Petrogrom culture. It's were either temporary parking or places metallurgical production, burial grounds. On the mountain Petrogrom production Metal began in the early Iron Age. (itkul residues) and continued until XII-XIII centuries. Copper was smelted here, boiled here. iron, made metallic guns and weapons. On Petro Thunder gathered ceramics of different population groups that, This may indicate an exchange. or product sharing This metallurgical center. Graves with mounds (mounds) or without And they had weapons on them. horse harnesses, horse bones, dishes with cord prints.

Lower Priob in I millennium AD.

In The lower taiga zone is marked gradualness and continuity in cultural development. Monuments of this The time is well-fortified Forts, burial grounds, treasures. The city has a developed defense system: The shaft, in the thickness of which are fixed the remains of wooden walls. Housing They are slightly deep in the ground, they have The walls and the hearth in the center. black Metallurgy originated here in the early I millennium AD. The bronze is changing. production. Especially representative. bronze Kholmogorsk treasure.

K weapons include daggers, knives and spearheads and arrowheads. Cult casting includes images Humans, human birds, animals. The economy of the population of the Lower Ob Traditional: hunting, fishing, gathering, but developing transport of reindeer, which allowed explore the tundra.

Nana The Urals remained for many centuries. crossroads of many peoples. His. juncture Europe and Asia have largely predetermined multi-ethnic composition of the population and diverse and complex ethnic history. Researchers believe that The ancient Urals belonged to Ural-Altaic ethnolinguistic community, and assume that in the middle IV thousand BC. e. the ancient Ural population divided into two branches: the eastern (presumably the ancestors of the Samoyeds) and the Western (Finnougric community). Wo II thousand BC. e. Finno-Ugric community It split into Finno-Permian (ancestors) ^ "Komi-Permyak and Udmurts" and "Ugric" (ancestors of Khanty and Mansi) branches. Exactly. People are aboriginal Ural population.

Pagan beliefs

In Traditional Indigenous Beliefs The population of the Urals was a complex complex representations rooted in Ancient times. Along with fishing and military magic, fetishism and totemism (believing in a relationship with others) animals, fish and birds, especially Animism occupied its place. The last one, In turn, faith is closely related. (c) Good and evil spirits and representations about the afterlife.

All This was accompanied by an appropriate cult practice. Idols manufactured zoomorphic or anthropomorphic stone, wood, metal and other materials, sacrifices were made. The cult was run by shamans. mediators between people and otherworldly forces. They were guarding. And they served idols, they did. sacrificial rituals, entered during shamanism in contact with spirits, They made predictions, etc. Theirs. shamanism They were held in sacred places, where special sanctuaries were located.

Attached with professional ministers of worship, which were relatively few, priestly functions could be performed in home of any head of the family or kind. Besides, sacred (Sacred) duties traditionally They were assigned to tribal chiefs.

In dependency conditions and features of economic activities of different peoples prevailed cults. So, for Turkic speakers. Nomad steppes were characteristic Horse cult. In the forests of the Finno-Ugric The bear was especially venerated (hence the oath to his paw or tooth, and ritual bear festival, elk, former symbol of prosperity and well-being (on the occasion of the first spring harvest) The moose had a moose festival, and other sacred animals and birds, in connection with the murder of which sacrifice to spirits. The same thing happened. and for certain species of fish. Spirits. Forests and waters, protectors of hunting and Fishing - sacrifices were also made. And there were celebrations in their honor.

U of the agricultural peoples of the Urals, And the Maris, the Permians, relevant agricultural cults, which are divided into cycles: winter and spring (related to preparations for spring) cereals and crops) and summer-autumn (Concerned with the expectation of the harvest and its collection. The practice of these cults accompanied by appropriate rituals and sacrifices.

Mythological picture

Approximately. in IV-III thousand BC, that is, in the era of linguistic and cultural community Finno-Ugric peoples of the Urals, they gradually system of mythological representations. who subsequently experienced religious and cultural influence of neighboring tribes and peoples and localized variants, Finno-Ugric mythology has preserved in its basis the known unity.

Okay, mythologically