Teutonic monastic knighthood

The territory of Prussia, whose population was the medieval union of Baltic tribes - Prussians (in different countries). translation as "man"; prus. - Horse, Merin; in the Slavic language Prus - mare east of the river Vistula on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea, as a result of the Cross It was conquered by the Teutonic Knights. In 1226, the Polish prince Konrad I Mazowiecki asked for help from the Teutonic knights in the fight against the Nazis. Prussians and promises to preserve them conquered territories. Conquest The Prussians by the Teutonic Order, and the Balts (Baltic tribes - Prussians) It included about ten lands and nationalities, ended by the end of the XIII century. So, who are the Teutons? The Teutonic Order is a German spiritual and knightly order founded at the end of the XII century. The order's job was to help. protection and healing in hospitals of Christian pilgrims and knights on the way to The motto of the Order is “Help-Protect-Heal.” During crusade in 1190 to Palestine, German pilgrims led by a chaplain Conrad and the canon of Wurhard, established near the Syrian fortress of Acre Hospital for sick and wounded compatriots. This brotherhood on the first It was part of the Order of the Hospitallers (John), but the Germans They prefer to separate themselves from other nations. Soon, the hospital is under attack. patronage of the Church of St. Mary in Jerusalem and in 1191 Pope Clement III by his decision (popular bull) establishes the “brotherhood of St. Mary of Teutonica” in Jerusalem in 1196. distinction of the German knights during the storming of the fortress of Acre Duke Friedrich of Schwab converted the hospital into a spiritual and knightly order, at the head of the order stood Chaplain Conrad. The conversion ceremony was attended by masters of orders Hospitallers and Templars, in 1199 Pope Innocent III granted the order with his mace. Autonomy and its own charter, resulting in a German monasticism knighthood Teutonic in Jerusalem. The purpose of the order was to protect German knights and pilgrims, and to treat them. Sick, fighting enemies of the Catholic Church, the order was subject to the emperor The Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. By Consent of the Church, Count Boppo von Wertheim placed the order in 1212 in the town of Eschenbach commandantship Nuremberg, and as a result of numerous exchanges, purchases and donations of land, the order by 1315 became an absolute power. owner of Nuremberg. Many powers saw in the Teutonic Order the banner of struggle against the The pagans, led by the Teutonic Order Hermann von had a great influence. By the time of the Pope, the order already had large land holdings. In 1211 the king Hungary András II asks the Teutonic Knights for help in the fight against the hordes of the Polovtsians, the Teutonic promised part of the conquered lands, by 1220 the Teutons built the castles of Marienburg, Schwarzenberg, Rosenau, Kreuzburg, Kronstadt (later these names will appear in the Prussia, in the future, these castles will serve as a springboard for the settlement of Polovtsi steppe. Winning spoils are not divided between powerful people and the nobility In 1225, the king of Hungary demanded the liberation of his land. Transylvania, whose lands it took under its protection, remains Pope Honorius III. In 1217, Pope Honorius announced march against the Prussian pagans, who seized part of the Polish lands, Polish Konrad Iteutonic The knights part of the conquered and conquered lands. Teutonic Knights (Crusaders) In 1232, they were placed on the right bank. The Vistula, having entered the Prussian lands, the Crusaders founded Balga Castle (the current district of the Kaliningrad region, near Mamonov). The Order's First Invasion of Sambia (Prussia) The territory of the Kaliningrad region in 1252 ended in complete defeat Teutonic. In 1254, the Czech prince Przemysl Otakar II led a new campaign against Prussia, the detachments of the Crusaders and The knights concentrated at Balga Castle, After crossing to Sambia, they were burned. The nearest Prussian settlements and many captivated. A powerful blow from the Crusaders and Knights was sent to Rudov (now Melnikovo, Zelenograd district of Kaliningradskaya) The fortress was conquered, the Prussians suffered great losses. Next Otakar sent his army to the Kvendov (now the area of the Northern Mountain of Kaliningrad), further to Valdov (now Nizovye district, suburb of Kaliningrad), then to Tapiov (now Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad region) local Prussians fled in fear, Most refused to resist and obeyed the order. After Tapiov The army of Otakar approached the area called Tuvangste (now the area of the square). Central Kaliningrad. The fortification was taken in 1255. This place was laid a new fortification, which was later rebuilt into a castle. The castle is called Königsberg - Royal Mountain. The tactics of the war of the knights were It is based on breaking up Prussian tribal unions individually. They were used as allies in other wars. One knight could. to oppose 20-25 lightly armed (mostly with clubs) Prussians, The order of the knight was up to five horses and 15-20 assistants. knight (arms-bearers). The Prussians who were able to conquer were baptized, those who did not were destroyed, many noble leaders of the Prussian tribes surrendered to the victors or They did not resist the Teutonics, for this they received the right to own. And their tribes were baptized and numbed. This tactic. He helped in the actions against the Prussians, not numerous at that time Teutonics, To defeat the Prussians, although the uprisings of the Prussian tribes occurred from 1260-1262 and 1278-1280. Their locks. The order was erected on the site of Prussian castles and the local population of the Prussians and It was part of the new administrative order of the conquered territories. Gradually The power of the Teutonic Order fell all of Prussia, picking up a part of it. The Broken Brotherhood of the Knights of the Sword (Knights of Christ) They also extended their power to Livonia (part of the territory of modern Lithuania). In In 1308, the Order conquered a part of Polish territory (now Gdansk), killing At the same time, about ten thousand Christians arrive on the conquered territory by German colonists. captured Eastern Pomerania (part of the territory of Poland) and by the end of the XIII century the Teutonic Order in fact It became a state that continued its expansion to the East in 1309. The capital of the Teutonic Order is Marienburg (now the city). Poland Malbork. The German Knights. Swordtailers in 1240 invaded Russia, captured Izborsk, Pskov, part of the Novgorod lands. April 5, 1242 under the leadership of Prince Alexander Nevsky near Lake Peipus, the army of the order is defeated - the enemy fled, the land Released, peace made. Lithuanian Prince Mindovg in 1236 and 1260 inflicted knights crushing defeats. In 1268 the Order suffered a crushing defeat. from the united Russian army in battle Since 1386 the Lithuanian prince Jagiello accepts Catholicism and becomes engaged. with the heir to the Polish throne, which marked the beginning of the rapprochement between Lithuania and Poland (hereinafter the Commonwealth - one head for two states), so in 1410 Joint troops of Lithuania and Poland in the Battle of Grunwald A crushing defeat after the siege of Marienburg Castle (within two months of siege) The order pays the Grand Duchy of Lithuania indemnity, The first Toruń Peace Treaty was signed. Holy Roman Emperor The Empire of Frederick III was organized The League of Prussian States, after which the thirty-year war of the Order and Poland began, Poland became the winner in the war. (in 1447 the residence of the Grand Master of the Order moved to Königsberg) In 1466, under the Second Treaty of Toruń, the Order was forced to recognize itself. vassal of the Polish king. The Order lost its power in 1525. thanks to the Grand Master of the Order Albrecht Hohenzollern of the dynasty Brandenburg Hohenzollerns, who adopt Protestantism and fold with Grand Master, most of the Prussian lands of Teutonic Order secularized (there is a seizure of land from church property - The order divided the conquered lands between itself and the Roman church, where the governor From the order was the master, and from the church the bishop. This happened with the assistance of Martin Luther (by making the interpretation of the Bible accessible to the lower classes of society) By his actions he split Catholicism into Catholics and Protestants. With the consent of the King of Poland, a new education has been created. Duchy of Prussia. From 1525 to 1809 the residence of the great Teutonic Order (magistrate) is transferred to Mergentheim (now a city in Germany, Baden-Württemberg). During During the Napoleonic Wars, the order was dissolved, the magistrate moved to Vienna, and in 1834. With the assistance of the Austrian Emperor Franz I, the Order was restored. During the period of Nazi persecution, the activities of the order were stopped, although some of the Nationalists considered themselves successors and successors of the Teutonic Order. After recovery Order in 1947, devoid of political and military orientation, focusing charity and care for the sick. Departments (societies) of followers (heirs of traditions) of the Teutonic Order are in Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, USA. The Order is divided into three possessions (Germany, Austria, South Tyrol) and two. command in Rome and Belgium (Altenbisen). Hospital in Austria (Friesach) It is served by nuns as well as other hospitals. Teutonic hierarchy Order can be defined as: - the supreme power of the Grand Master, but the power The Grand Master has always been limited. General Chapter (assembly of brothers of the order), Deputy Grand Master was a landmaster (for example, the power of the German landmaster extended to the Italian possessions, the power of the Landmaster of Prussia to suppress the people and conquer land in Prussia, the power of the Landmaster of Livonia in Livonia, after entry of the swordtails into the order, the grandmaster of the order was a diplomat and manager of the Order, Land Committees - the governing country, further lower He was the leader of the knights (the knights who obeyed the komtur). They were called fogts – they could have positions of forester, fish master, etc.. In addition, the Grand Master, in making a decision, conferred with the Grand Master. Comtur (its deputy), Marshal (direction of military operations of the order), Chief Hospitaller (Head of Hospitals), High Intendant (supplying food with clothing and household items), the Chief Treasurer. Summing up briefly the above written It can be said that the Teutonic Order in the history of civilization left its mark. as the founder of East and West Prussia, Germany, who dictated his will to the European monarchs. The Teutonic Order is not the only order that emerged in the Middle Ages. The history of the Order continues and does not It's still finished. I represent the most influential knightly orders, not And the ones that are there today.