Trubetsky Manor in Khamovniki, Mandelstam Park

The history of this area dates back to the beginning of the XVII century, when in 1624 from the Tver village of Konstantinovka, the Tver Konstantinovsky boorish settlement of palace weavers was transported here. According to this settlement, the entire surrounding area was called Khamovniki. Here, near the Maiden Field, long ago settled to know Dolgoruky and Golitsyn, Volkonsky and Trubetsky. At the end of the seventeenth century, 12.5 dessiatines of land beyond Khamovna were granted to boyar Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, the favorite of Queen Sophia, and he, apparently, gave them to his sister Irina. Irina Vasilievna was married to Yuri Petrovich Trubetsky, so the land became the property of the Trubetsky family. And Trubetskoy is a princely family, leading from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin, Prince Koribut, the baptism of Dmitry Olgerdovich. In the XVI century, the Trubetskoys became subjects of the Grand Dukes of Moscow, Yuri Petrovich Trubetskoy, the ancestor of all branches of the Trubetskoy princes, in the 40s of the XII century, at the invitation of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he moved to Russia, entered the Royal service and gradually rose to the rank of boyar. Yuri Petrovich Trubetsky estate in Khamovniki passed to his son Yuri Yurievich (1668-1739), boyar and senator, associate of Peter I. After the death of Yuri Yurievich, the estate was inherited by his son, grandson of Yuri Petrovich, Nikita Yurievich Trubetskaya (1699-1767). Nikita Yurievich was friends with poets A.D. Kantemir and M.M. Kheraskov, patronage of Y.P. Shakhovsky. Enlisted in 1719 in the Preobrazhensky regiment, up to 1740 he participated in all the wars that Russia was waging at that time. In 1740-1760 he was the Prosecutor General of the Senate, and in 1730 - one of the active participants in the struggle against the "supreme" in support of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Under Nikita Yurievich, a house was built in the estate. Then it was a palace with a belvedere - a huge balcony on the roof. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, near the house there were buildings and a large (1683 sq. sazheni) garden with a greenhouse, gazebos and two ponds, one of which had a rectangular shape, and the other was a complex geometric figure, in which several rectangular islands were "inscribed." On the islands, there were wooden gazebos - rotundas on pillars. The whole ensemble of the estate - a house, greenhouses, greenhouses, ponds, islands, arbors, a fruit garden, stables - was not only beauty, but also great expediency in performing economic functions. French traveler Astolf de Custine in his book “Russia in 1839” describes such estates: “I entered a wooden house – a new strangeness!” In Moscow, both the rich and the poor sleep under a wooden roof in a log, boarded log cabin. But inside the boardwalks of the rich compete in luxury with the most magnificent palaces in Europe. The one in which I was received seemed to me comfortable and beautifully furnished, although the owner lives there only in the summer - he spends the winter in the central part of Moscow. We dined in the garden and, to top it off, under the tent. In the first half of the XIX century, the owner of the estate was the nephew of Nikita Yurievich - Ivan Dmitrievich Trubetskoy. In addition to the estate in Khamovniki, he owned a large house on Pokrovka and a summer cottage in Znamensky. Ivan Dmitrievich Trubetskoy is a real chamberlain, Pavlovsk nobleman - interesting due to his acquaintances and family ties. He was married to Ekaterina Alexandrovna Mansurova. He was well acquainted with N.M. Karamzin with whom he was in the property. One of the sisters of Ivan Dmitrievich - Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya - grandmother of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Her daughter and mother Lev Nikolaevich Maria Nikolaevna as a child lived in the house Trubetskoy on Pokrovka, and in 1822 in their suburban estate Znamekskoye. Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Trubetskaya in kind took care of her niece. It is possible that Maria Nikolaevna was at the dacha in Khamovinki. Ivan Dmitrievich and Ekaterina Alexandrovna had two sons - Yuri (1792-1848) and Nikolai (1807-1874) and three daughters Agrafen (1790-1861), Sophia (1800-1852) and Alexander (1809-1873). All children were given modern education at that time. Among the invited teachers were the favorite of Moscow music lovers composer I.I. Genish. and the future famous historian M.G. Pogodin. Young Alexandra Trubetskoy was fond of Pogodin. Sashenka Trubetskaya became the prototype of his two novels “Adel” and “Russian Spit”. The poet D.V. Venevitinov dedicated her poem “Novgorod”. Trubetskoy were distant relatives of the Pushkins (Ivan Dmitrievich Trubetskoy was a second cousin to Sergei Lvovich, the poet’s father). Little Sasha Pushkin, together with her older sister Olga, was taken to Trubetsky on Pokrovka for dance lessons. Was Alexander Sergeevich and at the cottage in Khamovniki. It is known that he dined here with Pogodin on September 16, 1826 after a walk on the Maiden Field, arranged on the occasion of the Coronation of Nicholas I. M.P. Pogodin noted that day in his diary that, having met with Pushkin in the morning, he talked with the poet about the holiday on the Maiden Field. After the death of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich (1827) and Princess Ekaterina Alexandrovna (1831), the estate was emptied by Agrave Ivanovna, in the marriage of Mansurov, since 1826 she lived in Berlin. Nikolai Ivanovich and Alexandra Ivanova (by husband Meshcherskaya) also went abroad. Nikolai Ivanovich, having married A.A. Gudovich, settled in Foutenbleau, near Paris. It is impossible to describe in detail the “cultural nest”, as at the end of the nineteenth century the Trubetskoy estate was called due to important and interesting events, wonderful people associated with this place. And this is because the founders of the whole kind of existing Trubetskoy owned the estate, famous figures of Russia - one of the organizers of the December uprising of the nineteenth century and his faithful wife, who was the first to go into exile in Siberia; the great sculptor, the founder of impressionism in Russian plastic; sofas; linguist, founder of the Eurasian movement chairman of the Russian Musical Society commanders, statesmen. Portraits of the owners of the estate were written by the greatest F. Rokotov and O. Kiprensky. On the grave of I.D. Trubetsky was erected a monument “Faith and Hope” of the great Russian sculptor I.P. Vitali. The abundance of these names and dates is primarily due to the need to show all the historical material associated with and emanating from the magical word “estate”. Poetized and legendary, it evokes warm soul associations in everyone. This is a long-gone, but left an indelible mark on the imagination of all generations of Russian people. This is the past, but also an unattainable dream of today: a cozy house by the pond, a cherry orchard and shady alleys. The Russian estate is always a cultural center, a haven of artists and poets. There were certain ideas about nature-like life and the unity of nature and art. The manor world embodied the worldview, social and spiritual well-being of a person in an artistically clear form, visual and aesthetically meaningful. Economic laws and social dynamics are closely intertwined here. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Trubetskoy estate was sold in parts. From the 70s of the XIX century until the October Revolution, most of the estate belonged to the merchant Pavel Evstafyevich Nemchinov. During the Civil War, the Nemchinovsky Garden was badly damaged, trees and a fence were cut down on firewood, the garden was overgrown, garbage dumps appeared. The new government, the Khamovnichesky District Committee of the Bolshevik Party, decides to organize a park for cultural recreation of workers on this territory. Raikom organized in 1923 a joint-stock company with shares - contributions from factories, trade unions and workers themselves to create a material base. Work on improvement on Saturdays. So in Moscow there was a forerunner of the parks of culture and recreation – Workshop named after A.V. Mandelstam Here were arranged sports and playgrounds, shooting range, cinema and racks. In 1936, the first Moscow children's park was organized here. Children's parks were designed to solve several tasks: - cultural recreation of children (from birth to graduation); - study of nature; - physical culture and sports work with children; - military training. In the work on the creation of children's parks, the existing experience of the United States of America was widely used by the works of S. T. Shatsky and A. U. Zelenko. The encyclopedia of children’s parks of that time can be called the book by A. Zelenko “children’s parks” (M., 1938). It provides detailed recommendations for Russian cities, analyzes the experience of created parks. In the directory Children's Parks of Moscow" M., 1938 read: "Children's Park of culture and recreation them. Mandelstama covers an area of 11 hectares. Numerous centuries-old lime trees, pine trees and other trees, as well as a variety of shrubs make the park one of the best green areas of Moscow. A pond with straits and islands creates cozy corners of peace and relaxation. In the Children's Park there were: a cinema, a children's theater, an open stage, an intricate playground, a toy town, a children's bicycle garage, a boat marina, an amusement corner, a dining room, three wills of the patients and a town playground, a football field, a sports town, a military town with a parachute tower. During the Great Patriotic War, an anti-aircraft battery was located on the territory of the park, then a repair shop for military equipment, unfortunately, almost all the trees were cut down. In 1945-1960, the Moscow City Station of Young Naturalists was located on the territory of the children's park of races. The main educational and labor task of the station was the formation of a personality that combines active love for wildlife and the desire for its knowledge with the skills of a practitioner who knows how to apply knowledge in life and in production; participation in physical labor, studying scientific literature, socially useful work, propaganda of naturalistic knowledge among schoolchildren. There was a lecture hall at the station, mass events were held, etc. It is important to note that all Moscow schoolchildren took part in practical work at the station. The park itself was revived – the modern park was planted by schoolchildren of those generations. And according to historical justice, the landing and path network almost correspond to the XVIII century. At the same time, the pond acquired a modern appearance, two bridges were built. Outside the framework of the article are the geographical and natural history components of local lore knowledge about the estate. This is a unique relief, and therefore the need to dig ponds in the XVIII century (the estate was in a very wetland, in the bend of the Moscow River). These are the principles of nature management in the princely, merchant, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. This is an experimental work in the middle of the nineteenth century by the apothecary A. Grell, who had gardens here and published the magazine “Garden and Garden”. This is the heyday of the movement of young naturalists after the Great Patriotic War, who had a barn, a rabbit farm, experimental plots. The activities of the followers of I.V. Michurin, who planted here prototypes of fruit trees. These are today’s studies of the flora and fauna of the park, which led to the inclusion of a number of animals and plants living here in the Red Book of Moscow. After the closure of the station of young naturalists in 1958, the children's park became a district out-of-school institution. Over time, wooden buildings become dilapidated, the building is demolished due to the construction of the ground lobby of the Frunzenskaya metro. By 1992, at the disposal of the children's park there are two cars - a househouse and a greenhouse (where the zoo corner and circles of young naturalists were located). On the south side of the park, the fence that prevented the construction of the youth palace disappears. The educational activity of A.V. Mandelstam was reduced to seven circles and excursions to the menagerie. After the adoption of the “Law on Education” of the Russian Federation in 1992, there was a clear need to reflect on the activities of the Children’s Park. Is it necessary for education? What is the specificity of his activities? Can it become an institution of additional education? In 2002, the structure of the Children's Park was reorganized, it included the Children's and Youth Center, a multidisciplinary institution of additional education. But the DJC itself has its glorious history. It was established in April 1923 in the Khamovnichesky district of Moscow as the country’s first House of Pioneers. Pioneers and their leaders from different parts of the country and representatives of foreign youth organizations came and came here to exchange experience, for consultations. For several years TsDUP was the only experimental and demonstrative, methodical center of the children's movement in Moscow and the country. TsDUP united more than 1000 children, developed experienced work in workshops: carpentry, shoemaking, sewing, locksmithing, etc. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the House of Pioneers continued to work with children. In those days it was necessary to organize children, to direct them to such things that helped the front and were possible for them. The older guys went on duty at home, extinguished lighters during the bombing. Pioneers prepared gifts for the fighters: sewed kitties, mittens, handkerchiefs. The guys arranged amateur concerts for the wounded, wrote letters to fighters. After the war, young local historians created exhibitions on the history of the pioneer organization, worked to create a council of veterans of the pioneer movement, collected material about the first pioneers of our district. A club of high school students, participants of vocal and dance circles, actively cooperating with Moscow State University, schools of the district, was organized. In 1983, there were 126 circles in the House of Pioneers, more than two thousand children who mastered the moral norm “Every business must be loved to do it well!” The staff of the House of Pioneers was united by common cause, common work; it was a mature team of like-minded people – enthusiasts of pioneer and extracurricular work. The pedagogical team did a lot so that each child could reveal their talents and abilities, find their application. Over the years, the House of Pioneers has been repeatedly awarded: The House of Pioneers was awarded the Red Banner as the winner of the review of out-of-school institutions in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin, two banners “The best out-of-school institution of the city”. It was included in the book of Honour of V.I. Lenin. Teams of the House of Pioneers were winners of many festivals: a theater team, a puppet theater, a choir, an ensemble of Bayanists, a photo circle and many others. The work of technical circles was highly appreciated. The tourist department was the undisputed leader in the city. Schoolchildren of Moscow actively and enthusiastically participated in all the affairs of the House of Pioneers. In 1991, in the House of Pioneers of the Leninsky District of Moscow, a new structural unit Children's Choral Studio "Snowdrop" appeared. DHS "Snowdrop" was organized at the Choral Society of the city. Moscow in 1968, having passed a number of transformations, was located in school No. 54, working on 6 subjects of the musical cycle (choir, solfeggio, musical literature, conducting, vocals, instrument) with 300 children aged 4 to 18 years. Currently, the State educational institution Children's Park "Estate Trubetskoy in Khamovniki" has in its composition the territory located near the metro station Frunzenskaya, 10 hectares.