Independent travel to the Primorsky Territory

Primorsky Krai of Russia is located in the south of the Russian Far East. The area of the region is 165.9 thousand square kilometers, the population "2157.7 thousand people, 78% of the population lives in cities (2001). The region includes 24 districts, 12 cities, 46 urban-type settlements (2001). The administrative center is the city of Vladivostok; large cities: Nakhodka, Arsenyev, Artem, Dalnegorsk, Ussuriysk. The region was formed on October 20, 1938, is part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
Leading branches of the regional industry: engineering, mining, woodworking, shipbuilding and ship repair ("Dalzavod"), production of building materials, fishing industry ("Dalmoreproduct", "Primorrybprom", "Vladivostok base of trawling and refrigerated fleet", "Base of active marine fisheries"). In Primorye, rice, buckwheat, oats, wheat, fodder crops, soybeans, potatoes are grown, vegetable growing, fruit growing. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry breeding, animal husbandry (mink), pant reindeer husbandry are developed here.

Natural conditions

Primorsky Krai is located on the southeastern outskirts of Russia, on the shore of the Sea of Japan. In the north, it borders the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west with China, in the south-west with Korea, in the east and south for a thousand and a half kilometers washed by the Sea of Japan. The central and eastern parts of the Primorsky Territory are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (height up to 1855 m), in the west - the Ussuri and Prikhankai lowlands. The main river - Ussuri with tributaries, on the territory of the region many small, mainly mountain rivers of the basin of the Sea of Japan. In the southwest there is a large lake Hanka. The rivers of Primorye are used as trails for rafting.
The climate is moderately monsoon. The average January temperature ranges from -12°C on the coast to -27°C in mainland areas. Summer is warm, rainy. The average July temperature from +14 "C to +21 "C. Precipitation falls 600-900 mm per year. Snow cover goes down very quickly, almost without forming melt water. Summer in Primorye is damp, but warm, in remote areas from the sea even hot. In late summer and autumn, typhoons are common. On the coast there are intense fogs turning into frost. Autumn in Primorye is the best time of the year - warm, dry and clear. The air temperature decreases slowly and the heat persists for a long time. In early October, leaf falls begin in the autumn forests. In late October - early November comes a sharp cold snap and comes a long winter with low air temperatures. It lasts in the south-west 3-3.5 months, and in the central and northern regions 4-5 months. In mountainous areas, the greatest snow cover capacity is 85-100 centimeters. In the south, snow cover is unstable. Primorsky Krai is located in the zone of broad-leaved forests. Forests occupy 90% of its territory. The main breeds: Ayan spruce, Korean cedar, Mongolian oak, Manchurian nut.
In the north of the region - fir-spruce and hardwood forests. In the south - Manchurian forests (among lianas - Amur grapes, lemongrass, actinidia). The animal world is diverse: gore, spotted deer, heartburn, deer, cabarga, elk, raccoon dog, Ussuri cat, wolverine, sable, columns, fox, otter, over a hundred species of fish: salmon, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, tart, pollock, tuna, saury, mackerel, sardine. In coastal waters, fishing is conducted for trepangs, shellfish, mussels, scallop, sea urchins, algae. In the Primorsky Territory there are reserves: Far Eastern Sea, Cedar Pad, Lazovsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Ussurisky, Khankai; resorts Sadgorod, Shmakovka.

History

The oldest settlements in Primorye were discovered on the territory of the present Nakhodka district. They belong to the Paleolithic era. Ancient settlements (more than 50 of them) cover the period from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages in the south of the Russian Far East (chronological stage between the 4th and 16th centuries) coincided with the periods of emergence, flourishing and death of the states of Bohai (698-926), Jin (115-1234), Eastern Xia (1215-1233). During this period, agriculture, crafts began to develop in Primorye, trade arose, there were cities that mixed cattle-farming cultures of the Far East with the developed agricultural and urban economy of the Chinese.
The territory of the South Ussuri region was included in the Russian state under the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties with China. Administratively, the region became part of the Primorsky region, formed in 1856. The Ussuri region was very poorly populated: in 1861 there were less than 20 thousand people. Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov (for the conclusion of the Aigun Treaty he was awarded the title of Count of Amur) was the leader of the expedition, which in 1859 surveyed the northwestern coast of the Sea of Japan and determined the place for a military post, the future capital of Primorye - Vladivostok. Then military posts were established on Lake Khanka, in Olga Bay. In 1865-1869, Cossack settlements were built on the Ussuri River, later the Ussuri Cossack army arose, whose task was to protect the borders.
The Russian government encouraged immigrants to the Ussuri region, which was declared free for settlement by peasants without land and people of all classes who wanted to move at their own expense. Each family of IDPs was given free use of a plot of land up to 100 dessiatines (109 hectares), IDPs were permanently exempt from poll tax and for 10 years from recruiting. The influx of peasants in the South Ussuri region increased markedly: in 1861-1881, three thousand people arrived, and in 1883-1899 - about 50 thousand people, and in 1897 the region had about 150 thousand people.
Construction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries played an important role in the development of Primorye and all of Siberia. The Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected the Far East with Central Russia. Economic development of Primorye took place on the basis of market relations, although private land rights were limited. The leading branch of agriculture was agriculture, here they grew winter and spring wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, legumes, sunflower, corn, sugar beets, hemp, flax, tobacco. Since the late 19th century, gardening, horticulture, melon breeding, cattle, horses, pigs were bred, reindeer herding was born.
The industrial development of Primorye was carried out primarily through the development of natural resources: coal deposits (in the area of Posiet Bay, Suchana), gold (on the island of Askold), polymetallic ores. By the end of the 19th century, the production of fish, seafood (sea cabbage, trepangs, crabs) acquired industrial importance. In the 1890s, the woodworking industry began to develop on the basis of the timber industry: five steam sawmills, match and plywood plants were built, printing production appeared, the first power plants appeared. On the basis of ship repair workshops built in 1864, a ship repair plant (now Dalzavod) was created in Vladivostok. By 1914, Vladivostok was among the five largest ports in Russia. More than a dozen consulates were opened in the city, a large number of foreign trade missions.
In 1922, the region was transformed into the Primorsky province, which was part of the Far Eastern region (FEO). In 1926, the Far Eastern District was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory (DVK), and the Primorsky Province first into the Vladivostok District, then (since 1932) into the Primorsky and Ussuri regions. In 1938 Primorsky Krai was formed with the administrative center of Vladivostok.
In the 1920s, the private sector played a dominant role in the economy of Primorye. The NEP took strong roots here and lasted longer than in Central Russia. Two-thirds of the economy was in the hands of foreign capital. Among the large foreign firms stood out such as "Kunst and Albers", "Brinner". The largest foreign concession was the English mining company Auntie Mining Corporation (1925-1931), which was engaged in the search, exploration, development and processing of silver-lead-zinc ores of the Tetyukhe deposit in the north of Primorye. Since the late 1920s, the city has been closed to foreigners and all foreign businesses have been closed.
In the early 1930s in Primorye began forced industrialization, and then collectivization. The construction of roads, new industrial enterprises (mining, forestry, fish, ship repair) was launched. Coal mines were reconstructed. The fishing industry remained one of the leading industries in the region. Various modes of transport - rail, air - were also developed, the capabilities of the Far Eastern Shipping Company (FESC) significantly increased. In agriculture, kolkhozes were created, wealthy peasants were subjected to dekulakization and repression.
Rapid economic development required the influx of new labor. The resettlement to the Far East of working and peasant families from the central regions of Russia, as well as demobilized Red Army soldiers, was organized. The work of prisoners was widely used. At the end of 1929 in Primorye branches of the Far Eastern camp (Dallag, later Vladlag) and the transit camp "Second River" (Vladivostok) were organized, from where prisoners on steamers were taken to Kolyma in the North-Eastern camps. Prisoners in Vladivostok worked on construction and loading work, in Nikolsk-Ussuri and Spassk-Dalny mined gold on Askold Island, in Suchan and Artem - coal, harvested forest in the taiga and fish along the entire coast of Primorye.
During Stalin’s repressions (especially in 1937-1938), tens of thousands of people were arrested, exiled to camps and executed, and all residents of Korean (to Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and Chinese (mostly to China) nationalities were forcibly deported from Primorye, totaling about 200,000 people. Despite forced evictions, deportations, shootings and return migration, the population of Primorye grew rapidly in the 1930s. By 1940, its population reached 939,000 people. During the Second World War, Primorye was in a deep rear, although the danger of an attack by Japan persisted for a long time. The production of military equipment and shells was established here, the extraction of timber, coal, rare and non-ferrous metals continued.
After the end of the war, Primorsky Krai continued to develop as an industrial and agricultural region of the Far East. More and more new deposits of coal and ores were developed, mining and processing factories and new power plants were built. The fishing industry was replenished with trawlers, seiners, refrigerators. A large flow of transport was carried out by the Far Eastern Railway, the port of Vladivostok. A new large port of Nakhodka was built, which in the 1970s-1980s became one of the largest in the Russian Federation. Since the 1980s, another new seaside port, Vostochny, has started operating near Nakhodka. By the mid-1960s, new for the edge of the industry were created: chemical, electrical, instrument-making, instrumental, porcelain, furniture.
The population of the region by 1979 reached 1 million 381 thousand people. Along with Vladivostok and Ussuriysk, the cities of Nakhodka, Spassk, Lesozavodsk, Arsenyev, the villages of Dalnegorsk and Kavalerovo quickly developed, which became industrial centers. But the costly economy of "developed socialism" could not ensure the efficiency of the economy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Primorye experienced transitional difficulties. In 1992, Vladivostok was opened to foreign citizens: tourists, businessmen, small entrepreneurs.

Attractions

26 km from Vladivostok is mud and seaside resort Sadgorod. The sanatorium located in the forest park zone has a beach with a silt bottom on the shore of the Corner Bay. Here treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system, female infertility. In Shmakovka (335 km from Vladivostok) there are several sanatoriums. The oldest of them is military. It is located in a park on the banks of the Ussuri River, surrounded by spurs of the Sikhote-Alin ridge. The altitude is 90 m. The sharp continental climate, warm summer, subtropical vegetation and the main factor - carbon dioxide mineral water with a wide range of trace elements create conditions here for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the circulatory organs and gastrointestinal tract.
Sanatorium "Emerald" is located in the village of Mountain Keys on the shore of Ussuri. Here treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. For more active recreation on the territory of the region there are several recreation centers. Among them: "Golden Coast" (25 km from Vladivoostok, in Shamor), "Eagle" (in Kuchelinskaya Padi). Fans of water treks can make a trip on kayaks, catamarans along the rivers Big Ussurka, Bikin, Armu, Zeva, Kema (between them there is a drag).
The Far Eastern Marine Reserve is located in Peter the Great Bay. It was founded in 1978 to preserve valuable species - the inhabitants of the shelf of the Sea of Japan. The area of the reserve is 64 thousand hectares (including 63 thousand hectares - water area), the reserve includes nine islands. The territory consists of three sections: eastern, western and southern. The eastern section includes the islands of the Rimsky-Korsakov archipelago. The western section is located in Posijeta Bay on the southern coast of the Krabe peninsula, the southern section - off the west coast of Posijeta Bay, includes the islands of Furugelma, Vera and Falshvy.
Marine flora in the reserve includes about 800 species of algae, marine fauna - about 250 species of fish, numerous species of invertebrates. The main purpose of the reserve is to preserve the gene pool of marine organisms, commercial, as well as rare and endangered species. The Rimsky-Korsakov archipelago is a zone of complete conservation, Posiet Bay and Furugelma Island - a site of reproduction of trepanga, scallop, giant oyster; Popova Island is a museum of the nature of the sea and its protection. Khankay Reserve was founded in 1990 on the territory of the Prikhankai lowland, near Lake Khanka. Its area is 38,000 hectares. The main wealth of the reserve is near-water and waterfowl birds. Among them are Japanese and Daurian cranes, red-legged ibis, spoon.
The population of the city of Spassk-Dalny is 55.4 thousand people (2001). It was founded by settlers around 1886 as the village of Spasskoe, near which in 1906 the station of Evgenyevka of the Ussuri railway was built. In 1917, the village was transformed into the city of Spassk. During the Civil War in the area of Spassk-Dalnego was carried out Spasskaya operation (“assault nights Spassk”). In 1926, the settlement of Yevgenyevka became part of the city. Since 1929 - Spassk-Dalny. Back in 1908, on the basis of limestone and clay deposits near Evgenyevka, the first was built, in 1932-1934 - the second, and in 1976 - Novospassky cement plants. Architecture and sights: buildings of the railway station, men's gymnasium. On the territory of Spassk-Dalnego is a protected natural monument (since 1981) Spasskaya Cave.