Rostov the Great is a city in the Russian Federation, the district center of the Yaroslavl region, the tourist center of the Golden Ring of Russia. The city is located on the shore of Lake Nero, 58 km from Yaroslavl.
The population is 30,515 (2020).
The industry of modern Rostov is represented by the aggregate plant, the flax spinning factory "Rolma", food enterprises, the factory of miniature enamel painting "Rostov Finish".
The first mention of Rostov refers to 862, in the "Tale of Bygone Years". In 988 Yaroslav the Wise reigned in Rostov. In the 10-12 centuries, the city was one of the centers of the Rostov-Suzdal land. Since 1207 - the capital of the Rostov principality. Under Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich (1186-1219), the city experienced a flowering of political and cultural life. Rostov was repeatedly subjected to devastating raids by the Mongol Tatars. The city was one of the centers of ancient Russian chronicles. Of particular interest is the chronicle of Princess Maria, the widow of Prince Vasilka, written by her as an obituary to the Russian princes executed by the Tatars. In the 15th century, Rostov became part of the Moscow principality, in the 16th century Ivan IV took this city to the "oprichnina". In 1589-1788 Rostov was the residence of the Rostov metropolitans. At the end of the 17th century, under Metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich, a metropolitan residence was erected, which since the 19th century began to be called the Rostov Kremlin. Since 1796, Rostov is a county town of Yaroslavl province. Since the 18th century, the city has become a trade and fair center. In the second half of the 18th century in Rostov there was an artistic fishery of finifti. In 1870 the railway connected Rostov with Moscow.
Photo: wikipedia
Architectural monuments
In the center of Rostov is the ensemble of the Rostov Kremlin, which was built as the residence of the metropolitan, and not as a defensive structure. The Kremlin is divided into three zones: the bishops’ court, the cathedral square and the metropolitan garden. The main dominant ensemble of the Kremlin and the city as a whole is the Assumption Cathedral, built in 1508-1512 on the site of its predecessors. Most of the Kremlin buildings were built much later than the cathedral, during the reign of Metropolitan Jonah. According to his plan, about 1682, a four-headed belfry was built. Under Ion Sysoyevich, 13 bells were cast. The largest - "Sysoy" - cast in 1687 by master Fyodor Terentyev and weighs about two thousand poods, "Polyeleny" - a thousand poods, "Swan" - 500 poods. Rostov calls had special names. The oldest is the alternate chime of all bells against the background of the sound of the largest bell "Sysoy". During the time of Peter I, the Yegoryev ringing appeared, in 1731 - Akimov ringing, in the 19th century - Ionofansky. The most solemn ringing is the Ionian.
Among the buildings of the episcopal part of the Kremlin, one of the first was the building of the Judgment Order (1650-1660). Around 1670, a gate church of the Resurrection with two fortification towers was built close to the Judgment Order. The whole complex formed the main entrance to the metropolitan court - the Holy Gate. On the other side of the central courtyard stands the corps of the metropolitan choir (1650-1670). The gardens were rebuilt and restored several times. In one row with them is the complex of the Sovereign Choir (1670-1680), which later became known as the Red Chamber. Around 1675, behind the Metropolitan choirs, a church of the Savior’s Unmade Image (later the Savior in the canyons) was built. The Church of the Savior was the home temple of Metropolitan Jonah.
During the years 1670-1680, the fortress walls and towers of the Rostov Kremlin, the construction of the economic (metropolitan) courtyard were erected. One of the last buildings of the time of Jonah was the gate church of John the Theologian (1638). Compared to other churches of the bishops’ court, the Church of Gregory the Theologian (1680s), preserved from the Grigorievsky shutter, seems discreet. The last building of the Kremlin was the church of Odigitria (1692-1693). The temple is given features of the "Naryshkin style", but unlike most buildings of this direction, the church of Odiguitria looks more modest. The formation of the bishops’ court was completed by the end of the 17th century. In most buildings of the ensemble there are expositions of the museum-reserve "Rostov Kremlin". The central part of modern Rostov is surrounded by the ramparts of an earthen fortress built in the 1630s by the Dutch master Jan Cornelius (in Russia he was called Jan Kornilov). To the north-west of the Kremlin in the bastion of the fortress is located built in 1556 by order of Ivan the Terrible master Andrei Maly Church of Ascension, also called the temple of Isidor the Blessed. The church is interesting fresco painting, made in the 12th century by Yaroslavl masters brothers Ikonnikov on the plots of the life of Isidor the Blessed.
The era of Ivan the Terrible refers to the beginning of stone construction in the Avrami monastery, which was founded even before the Mongol time by the monk Abraham. In memory of the conquest of Kazan, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of the Epiphany Cathedral (1554-1555) in the monastery, which became one of the first attempts in Russia to implement the idea of a multi-part church. Near the Epiphany Cathedral is the Vveden Refectory Church, built around 1650 by order of Iona Sysoyev. The structure of the Avraayimev monastery also includes the St. Nicholas Gate Church (1670-1680), monastery stone cells. Not far from the Kremlin is the Nativity convent, founded in the late 14th century by the Rostov Archbishop Fyodor. The monastery has preserved the Nativity Refectory Church (late 17th century) and the Tikhvin Church (1841-1854), built according to the project of K. A. Ton with the participation of P. Ya. Pankov.
On the western outskirts of Rostov stands the Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, founded in the 14th century by the Rostov bishop Iakov. The first stone building of the monastery was the Trinity, later Zachatevsky Cathedral (1686). The heyday of the Yakovlevsky monastery was the 18th century. In 1794-1801 Dmitrievsky Cathedral was erected, the most significant monument of the Classical era in Rostov. In a somewhat simplified form, its form is repeated by the Yakovlev Church (1824-1836, architect P. Ya. Pankov). Near the Yakovlevsky Monastery is the Church of the Savior on the Sands (16-17 centuries), in the past the cathedral church of the Princess of the monastery, whose buildings were transferred in 1765 to the Yakovlevsky Monastery. Princess Maria, the widow of Prince Vasilka, founded the Savior Monastery on the Sands (Princess Monastery) in the 13th century. North of Rostov is the Trinity-Varnitsky Monastery, according to legend, founded in the 15th century on the birthplace of Sergius of Radonezh. The Vvedenskaya Church (1828), the corps of rectors (1800) and fraternal cells (1852, 1897) have been preserved. On the north-eastern outskirts of Rostov is the Petrovsky Monastery, which arose in the 13th century. The oldest of its surviving buildings is the Church of Praise of the Virgin with a refectory (1695). By the end of the 17th century, construction was underway outside the Kremlin. An example is the Church of the Savior at the Trade (1690). To the west of the Yakovlevsky Monastery near the city there is a monument of wooden architecture - the Church of John the Theologian (1687) on the Ishna River. From the parish churches of the 18th century, the Tolga church or the church of John the Merciful (1762-1765) has been preserved. Among the parish churches is the church of Odigitria with the chapel of Kozma and Damian (1762-1776), made in the Baroque style.
In 1770-1780, when the reconstruction of most Russian cities was underway, the regular plan of Rostov was approved, which largely preserved the historically developed radial location of the streets and the city-forming significance of the central part. In Rostov preserved a large number of monuments of civil architecture. In 1840-1841, the Gostiny Dvor complex was built (architect A. I. Melnikov). In the first half of the 19th century, construction was carried out on the main street of the city (Moscow), where almost all types of buildings of the classical era are represented. The Intercession Church harmonizes with classic buildings (1798). Stone buildings of the eclectic period in Rostov are few, the architecture of wooden houses of that period is dominated by elements of folk art. At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of modern buildings appeared in Rostov, the best of which are two mansions designed by architect P. A. Trubnikov.
An example of provincial modernity is the house of Selivanov. A monument of the Neo-Russian style was the hotel of the Yakovlevsky Monastery (1914). The features of neoclassics marked the most representative civil building of Rostov - the building of the gymnasium (1908-1910, architect P. A. Trubnikov). The Rostov Kremlin is part of the Rostov-Yaroslavl Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. On its territory there is a museum of ancient Russian art, a museum of church antiquities, a museum of finifti, as well as open funds of porcelain and ceramics.
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Romanova Olga Anatolyevna
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